Goldsmith is often regarded as the epitome of a grub street writer, living much of his life in poverty and debt despite authoring a massive body of histories, biographies, plays, poems, novels, and literary criticism. Goldsmith's authorial importance was acknowledged by the literary community with his poems The Traveller (1764) and The Hermit (1765), but later texts would give him fame. Satirical and paradoxical, The Vicar of Wakefield (1766) was his most popular novel. The Deserted Village (1770), his best known poem, depicts a traveler's reflections on the demise of Auburn, the village of his youth, after the native inhabitants are forced out by an avaricious local landowner. As a prolific literary journalist, Goldsmith contributed to the Critical Review as well as other periodicals. In 1759, Goldsmith published a weekly paper named The Bee. A collection of his works from the Monthly Review were published under the name The Citizen of the World in 1762. A further selection of Goldsmith's nonfiction includes History of England in a Series of Letters from a Nobleman to His Son (1764), Life of Henry St. John, Lord Viscount Bolingbroke (1770), Life of Thomas Parnell (1770), The Roman History: from the foundation of the city of Rome, to the destruction of the western Empire (1769), and Retaliation, The History of Greece (1774). She Stoops to Conquer; or, The Mistakes of a Night (1773), Goldsmith's most famous dramatic comedy, features the heroine Kate Hardcastle, who descends to playing a servant in her own house after a potential suitor mistakes it for an inn. Less popular than She Stoops to Conquer was Goldsmith's dramatic comedy The Goodnatured Man (1768). An History of the Earth, and Animated Nature was published in 1795.

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